儀器分析
試片進入儀器後，儀器光源系統要做調機，使光源-目標物-偵測器落在光軸上。尤其是穿透式電子顯微鏡(TEM)的電子光源系統，從電子鎗經試片到偵測器之間的所有電磁透鏡都要仔細調整一番，務使電子束的球面像差和散光缺陷降至最低，同時降低系統背景訊號值。
Instrument alignment to make beam-specimen-detector along the optical axis is a very important step in the analysis process. Pre-analysis alignment is extremely critical in transmitted electron microscopes (TEM), After being extracted from the emitter, the electron beam goes through several sets of magnetic lenses, hits the specimen, pass through sets of magnetics lenses, then enters the detector. The electron beam has to be aligned along the optical axis as close as possible to minimize the effect of spherical aberration and astigmatism, so does the system background.
無論是影像還是成分訊號，訊號收集的強度在未超過偵測器的飽和極限值之前，在允許的條件下應盡量足夠，以提升訊號的訊雜比(S/N)。
It is always better to acquire enough signals both images and spectra. The intensity of signals should be acquire to the level higher than half of the limit of the detector to give a good signal to noise ratio (S/N).
由於近代材料科學與工程的躍進，新型材料分析儀器的光源強度和訊號偵測效率，解析度與動態範圍(dynamic range)都大幅提升，使得訊號收集時間大幅縮短，而總訊號強度反而提升數倍。透過個人電腦的控制，所有的資料都數位化。因此分析的效率明顯的提升。以影像為例，不但免去暗房過程，連拍立得照片都不再使用，數位化影像資料在收集完成後幾分鐘內，即刻用光碟片或隨身碟(USB)儲存交付給客戶。
Because of the jump in materials science and engineering, the intensity of source and the efficiency, resolution, and dynamic range of detectors have been improved a lot. This improvement make the collection time shorter than it used to be. All data are digitized since all instruments are all controlled by personal computers (PCs). It make post analyses more efficient. All images can be stored in a CD or a USB directly without any darkroom work.
資料解析與歸納
從儀器分析得到的資料是原始資料(raw data)，必須經過適當地解析後才能變成有用的資料(processed data)，例如: 晶粒大小量測，膜厚量測，成份計算…等等。
Without further process, those raw data just acquired from instrument do mean something. Information extracted from raw data after data process, such as grain size, thickness of thin films, composition, are really valuable.
將數組解析後的資料比對後，找出一些製程參數--顯微結構--性質的變化關係，是為歸納。
Induction means to find the relationship among the microstructure, process, and properties from analyzing data.
現在很多分析儀器的控制軟體，在攝取訊號後，都具有進一步處理資料的能力。
Today, many analytical instruments have built in software to process data to extract desired information after acquiring.
結論
集合解析和歸納的資料，參考之前性質測試的資料，再佐以分析者的學識，知識，和專業經驗，將此次分析的結果寫成一份報告。報告是一份檢測報告或是分析報告在於，是否能把此次分析的資料連結之前性質測試的資料，將材料顯微結構變化對材料性質變化的影響敘述清楚。
A final conclusion is drawn after carefully processing and analyzing data acquired combined with some acknowledge from the analyzer in the report. A report becomes much more valuable when information of materials, properties, and related processes is stated.
沒有留言:
張貼留言